Therefore, the distinction between semantic and episodic memory is not in their nature, but rather how knowledge emerges from the activation of a selected (episodic knowledge), or reversely of multiple (semantic knowledge), traces based on the similarity between the target object and each of its traces. All the traces are episodic in nature as all the characteristics of the ongoing event (sensory-motor, emotional, context…) are encoded. These populations exhibit variable levels of perceptual, episodic and semantic memory impairments that allow a differential approach assessing some of the core assumptions of embodiment.Īmong the different kinds of memory models, multiple trace models (e.g., Hintzman, 1990) and embodied memory models (e.g., Versace et al., 2014) defines memory as an accumulation of episodic memory traces. The present study proposes a memory test developed to take into account embodiment statements in young adults (YA), healthy elderly adults (HE), patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients with semantic dementia (SD). Semantic and episodic knowledge may thus share common memory traces, as stated by some memory models (e.g., Minverva II, Hintzman, 1990 Act-In, Versace et al., 2014). Applied to memory, it was shown repeatedly that semantic knowledge (i.e., knowledge about the world) might also be grounded in sensory-motor features (e.g., Vallet et al., 2010 Casasanto, 2011 Borghi, 2015), as episodic memory (i.e., personal and contextual memories, see Tulving, 1995). To conclude, confusion errors are common across all the elderly groups, whereas AD was the only group to exhibit regular intrusion errors and SD patients to show severe semantic impairment.Įmbodiment has revolutionized how cognition is conceived ( Glenberg et al., 2013) to highlight the role of sensory-motor components in cognitive processes ( Vallet et al., 2016a). Finally, SD patients suffer from the most severe semantic impairment. They were the only group to not benefit from a visual isolation (addition of a yellow background), a method known to increase the distinctiveness of the memory traces. AD patients present the worst episodic memory performance associated with intrusion errors (recall or recognition of items never presented). HE commit memory errors only for presented but not to be remembered items. The results show specific patterns of performance between the groups. The performance of young adults is compared to healthy elderly adults (HE), patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and patients with semantic dementia (SD). The SEMEP (SEMantic-Episodic) memory test proposes to assess conjointly semantic and episodic knowledge across multiple tasks: semantic matching, naming, free recall, and recognition. The present study introduces a new memory test developed to take into account these assumptions. Multimodal integration deficits, as in Alzheimer's disease, should lead to more severe episodic memory impairment. Reduced perception should then directly reduce the ability to encode and retrieve an episodic memory, as in normal aging. Perception and memory are thus very tightly bound together, and episodic and semantic memories should rely on the same grounded memory traces. 7Laboratoire EMC, Université Lyon 2, Lyon, FranceĮmbodiment has highlighted the importance of sensory-motor components in cognition.6Département de Réadaptation, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.5Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada.4Département de Psychologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.3Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.2Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.1Centre de Recherche de l'IUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.Vallet 1,2,3 *, Carol Hudon 4,5, Nathalie Bier 1,6, Joël Macoir 5,6, Rémy Versace 7 and Martine Simard 4,5
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